Communication Topic Paper

Overcoming Diversity Barriers in Effective Communication Larry Rankin II HUB 640 National University Abstract Utilizing effective communication is becoming increasingly important as groups are becoming more diverse and varied across cultural barriers. The problems that face each person, community, and each country cannot be solved without global cooperation and Joint action. Changes in the world economy, transportation and communication are resulting in increased interdependence among individuals, groups, organizations, communities and societies.With these changes, individuals must find ways to effectively interact and communicate with one another. In Walt Disney's Beauty and the Beast, young Belle risks all and sacrifices her own freedom to save the life of her father's, by living in the enchanted castle with the Beast. Although initially fearful of the Beast and horrified by his monstrous appearance, Belle is able to change her perception of him and becomes drawn to kind and sensit ive nature.Ultimately the story ends in the â€Å"happily ever after† frame, but one of the key elements that remain in the mind of the audience is the idea of overcoming diversity in a relationship. One reason Beauty and the Beast retains its popularity is because this idea strikes a familiar chord within many members of the audience. Often individuals find themselves initially repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later becoming very close with the same premises and concepts that once seemed so foreign.The moral of this children's tale shines through when we look at communication across cultures, whether in small or large groups. The diversity that exists among individuals creates an opportunity for both positive and negative outcomes when these individuals come together in groups to achieve a goal or complete a task Monsoon ; Johnson, 1989). More specifically, diversity among group members can result in beneficial consequences, such as increased achievement and productivity, creative problem solving, and growth in cognitive and moral reasoning.To the contrary, diversity among group members can also result in harmful consequences, such as lower achievement and productivity, close-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrics, prejudice, stereotyping and racism. The pathway of diversity is ultimately determined by the willingness of the group members to utilize effective communication to propel the needs of the group as a whole while respecting the culture and diversity of its individual members (p. 461). Diversity among group members is an important resource that can be utilized to improve the group's productivity.While doing so may not be easy, it is important to understand that there are a number of barriers to effective interactions with culturally diverse groups. These include stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, he tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes can be found everywhere, and everyone h as them. Stereotypes are a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They are used to describe differences among groups and to predict how others will behave.They reduce complexities, assist in making quick decisions, fill in gaps of what is known, and help to recognize patterns needed to draw conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes are defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a whole group of people with certain traits. Stereotypes are (1) cognitive; (2) reflect a set of related beliefs rather than isolated behaviors; (3) describe attributes, personalities, and characters so that groups can be compared and differentiated; and are shared by individuals and groups holding them (Cashmere &Del Boca, 1979).Prejudice and Discrimination To be prejudiced meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, prejudice can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based solely on that individual's membership in a group other than one's own. Stereot ypes taken to extremes, restudies are Judgments made about others that establish a superiority/inferiority belief system. If one person dislikes another simply because that other is identified with a different ethnic group, sex, religion, socio-economic status, or creed, then prejudice is present (Lopper, 1954).Ethnocentrism is the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more â€Å"correct† than others. When ethnocentrism is present, the standards and values of our culture are used as a yardstick to measure the worth of other ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is often perpetuated by cultural conditioning. As children, individuals are raised to fit a into a particular culture, and conditioned to respond to various situations in similar ways that are modeled by the adults (Rotary, Evans, ; Fuller, 1979). Racism is a prejudice directed at people because of their race, or ethnic membership.Although scientific evidence indicates that only on e human race exists, with many variations, various other people assume that biological differences exist as evidenced by physical appearances. Race has taken on a social meaning, suggesting one's status within the social construct. This status structure introduces power preferences as people of different constructs interact with one another (Steele & Aaron's, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is discrimination. Discrimination is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and often aggressive action aimed at the target of the prejudice.Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups treatment and opportunities equal to those afforded to the dominant group. To reduce prejudices, use of stereotypes, and potential to discriminate, the following steps may be utilized Monsoon ; Johnson, 1999): 1) admit to having prejudices (everyone does; there are no exceptions) and commit to reducing them; 2) Identify the stereotypes that reflect the presence of prejudices and feedback from diverse friends and colleagues about how well the value and respect for diversity are being communicated.Blaming the victim Many people believe the world is Just a place where individuals â€Å"get what they deserve†, (I. E. Winning the lotto is a result of being a nice person who deserves some good luck, or being robbed is the result of being careless and is punishment for past misdeeds). The question arises then, â€Å"what happens when the situations appear unjust? † One method that is utilized and present in much of the communications between individuals is to blame the victim by convincing the self, that no injustice actually occurred.Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as â€Å"having done something wrong. † Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or misfortune is attributed to the personal characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). Culture Clash Another com mon barrier to effective communications across divers cultures is the dead of cultural clash. Cultural clashes are conflicts over basic values that occur when members of minority groups question the values of the majority.Common reaction by majority group members when their values are being questioned are feeling: 1) Threatened: their responses include avoidance, denial, and defensiveness; 2) Confused: their responses include seeking more information in an attempt to redefine the problem; 3) Enhanced: their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). Many cultural clashes develop in and between groups.These clashes range from threatening to confusing to enhancing, and when handled appropriately, these clashes are another form of conflict and they can serve as learning experiences rather than barriers. In our increasingly global community, highly diverse individuals interact daily, studying, working, and playing together in small groups. Rapidly growing global interdependence and the increasing emphasis on teamwork have resulted in groups with quite diverse membership.Diversity among members is no longer exceptional or optional; it is the everyday rule. Individuals are expected to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among people with a variety of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increased group productivity on a variety of tasks. Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among its members and increases the potential for conflict among members.For group members to capitalize on their differences, a high level of cultural competence and awareness must be implemented into the daily communications, to ensure that a high level of positive interdependence exists among group members. This can be accomplished by using communication to create a subordinates group identity b ased on a pluralistic set of values, enabling members to gain sophistication about the differences among members through personal relationships that have sufficient trust to allow for candid discussions Monsoon ;Johnson, 2005).

Key Drivers Essay

Given that the development of new systems can be fraught with problems and delays, what drives organisations to develop systems? The most important drivers come directly from the needs of the business and are often not related to technology, but require technological solutions. There are a number of possible triggers for the need to develop a new system including users identifying a need, organisations needing to grow or acquire other companies in order to extend their market share, the need to reduce staffing costs or an organisation needing to keep up with competitors. A few more drivers are considered here: Need for growth Sometimes businesses can become stagnant. This means they are not growing (gaining new business and exploring new opportunities) or they are shrinking (losing business). Eventually, businesses that do not have any movement or change will begin to decline, although this can take some time. Most organisations want to advance – they want to expand, become involved in new markets and increase profits. They need to grow to survive and for this they have to have a strategic plan. This is where the company decides what it wants to do and what direction it wants to take. As part of this process, its systems will be examined to ensure that they are capable of supporting the proposed growth. If this is not the case, then the organisation has time to address the issues. Company acquisition It is not unusual for one company to buy out another. For example, the media company Telewest was purchased by the larger group NTL a few years ago. Since then, it has been sold again – this time to the Virgin Media Group. An organisation may well buy another company for any one of or combination of the following reasons: To access new markets: A company selling sports equipment, for example, buys a sports clothing company so that it can add products and services to its portfolio that it feels will interest its existing customers. Alternatively, an organisation might purchase a company active in a completely different market sector so that it can get involved in new different activities. To increase market share of existing business: One supermarket chain buys out another supermarket chain, thus having more outlets and business overall. To acquire particular assets: Sometimes the acquisition is because one company needs to purchase the assets of another company so that it can use them itself. An example might be a car manufacturer buying an advertising company so that it can reduce its marketing and advertising costs. If one organisation acquires another, it can do one of two things: Allow the systems to continue running separately for each company Find ways of integrating systems so that organisations can work together Which route is taken will depend very much on what managers intended when they purchased the company. If the acquiring company does not intend to keep its acquisition, for example, there would be little point in integrating the systems. Need to increase productivity When systems have been in place for a period of time, they are said to decay. This means that they become less and less useful to the organisation. At implementation: System will be heavily used – there will still be debugging activity and training needed. During general use: System is working as it should and is being used effectively. Start of decay: Inefficiencies are found that affect organisational productivity What causes decay? These are a few examples: New technology becomes available that would help increase productivity by improving efficiency. Capacity needs increase because sales have improved and productivity output does not match demand. The activities of competitors demand that the organisation improves its ability to respond. More users working on the system can slow it down, thereby making the system less productive overall. Legal requirements At times an organisation has no other option but to respond to changes in the law. Responding to and implementing required changes in health and safety legislation is essential if an organisation is going to continue to operate within the law. The one advantage of changes in legal requirements is that they are usually anticipated. It would not be fair if changes needed to be made immediately that would disadvantage one company over another. When new laws, or changes in existing laws, occur, companies usually have a grace period of time to prepare prior to the law coming into force.

Technology to address challenges for intelligence agencies

Technology to address challenges for intelligence agencies Introduction After the terrorist attacks directed towards the United States on September 11, 2001, intelligence agencies shifted their attention to sealing hidden weaknesses in the existing defense measures. Over the years, there have been increased attempts to analyze security weaknesses and develop strategies to deal with emerging challenges. This has led to the establishment of research units in order to understand existing or future security threats to the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology to address challenges for intelligence agencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, terrorist adversaries have been remarkably helpful in the search for potential emerging trends (Jackson and Frelinger 2). With the Internet available to be used by everyone without major restrictions, many people are today involved in helping the government address issues of security threats with or without their knowledge. Using sophisticated mechanisms, it is possible for security experts attached to different intelligence agencies to track information and understand possible approaches that may be used by terrorists. Generally, the task requires intelligence agencies to establish the various avenues that may be used for terrorist attacks including buildings, means of transport, or information technology. Apparently, almost anything today can be used to create extremely dangerous weapons. In addition, people associated with terror groups also provide make critical information available for intelligence agencies. By participating in forums organized by the terrorists, supporters share their thoughts and get to opportunities to know the other option available. When this information is exchanged via the Internet, it eventually becomes available to intelligence agencies. Clearly, the act of sharing information back and forth among the supporters of the terror gangs enable members of the intel ligence teams to quickly become aware of other possible forms of attack. Through their own investigation processes, intelligence agencies also discover and add on to what is collected from communication activities of terrorists. Although many of the operations detected during such activities are less operational, they provide a constant stream of novel potential attacks to challenge security planners. The media also serves as a useful channel for discovering how the terrorists carry out their operations. Through newspapers, television, and other forms of media, information regarding the operations of terrorist groups is exposed to the public. Intelligence agencies can the take advantage of the media activities to enrich their knowledge of terrorist activities and prepare to counter their illegal activities. The information gathered can be well documented and can be of help in future preparations of the intelligence teams to deal with security threats.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is, however, important to note that as security professionals continue to work hard to understand the mind of the terrorists and how they plan and execute their operations, new ways of concealing terror acts are being discovered almost every day. Although technologies exist to secure communication through the Internet, other emerging technologies are also available to compromise security on the Internet. Military Operations of the Future According to Graham, military operations of the future will be predicted on information dominance (29). Emerging technology enables the rapid collection, processing, and dissemination of an increasing volume of highly accurate strategic, operational, and tactical information. Much of this information comes from reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence assets in air and space but the national and international information i nfrastructure are of benefit as well. Beyond doubt, control of the information spectrum will be pivotal to the outcome of conflict in the twenty first century. It will involve not only the preservation of access to such information but also the denying of access to adversaries. The armed forces are vitally dependent on space systems for information, communications, and operational support that range from targeting assistance to weather reporting. It is clear that space will feature even more in defense programs and strategies of the future. As noted by Graham, the Air Force launches and operates more than ninety per cent of all Department of Defense space assets (30). The Air Force has also been designated as the Department of Defense executive agent for multi user space systems. The increasing importance of the military space program is such that it must be accorded priority in research, development, and funding by the Department of Defense and by the nation. Leading requirements i nclude routine, affordable, reliable access to space and better systems to detect and track theater ballistic missile launches. On recognizing the need to boost the security in the United States, President Clinton directed his government to ensure that intelligence agencies integrated technology in their operations. This move was meant to improve security both in the United States and globally in the face of a fast changing security environment and emerging threats to national and international security. Support for this was later provided through increased budgetary allocations for the operations of intelligence agencies. According to NRC, there are numerous technologies in the global market today that hinder the ability of intelligence agencies to relay their communications in a more secure manner (32). A quick scan of the market will, therefore, reveal many other security challenges in the global arena.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology to addre ss challenges for intelligence agencies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Throughout the world, there have been various attempts to come up with technologies that are dependant as far as dealing with national and international security is concerned. In the Middle East, for example, efforts were made to develop nuclear capability for internal use to enhance security. Another development that has been regarded as dangerous is the return of foreigners to their countries after staying in the United States for a considerable amount of time. It is presumed that such people could have decide to return home after gathering information about the United States that will later be used to launch terrorist activities in the country. Silence is another silent threat that nations must be concerned about. Although often missed out, intelligence agencies must create time to understand the implications of silence. Despite the fact that people may be silent, it is possible that this can be an attempt to protect their secrets and hide their intentions from their intended targets (Khosrowpour 10). Intelligence and Technology in the Face of Emerging Security Threats From the preceding discussion, intelligence agencies have to work extremely hard to integrate technology in their operations. As attackers are constantly seeking more efficient ways to launch their attacks, it is vital for the intelligence team to keep abreast through research and new discoveries. According to NRC, technology is responsible for creating tremendous changes in the society because of their availability everywhere (29). An obvious need for the use of technology to deal with security concerns may be linked to the fact that they include sensors which are today used widely in a number of key operations across the world. Besides being used by the military, sensors are also used for many commercial services. The use of the radio frequency identification tags is an example that has received so much recognition globally. Although modern technology is far much better than the technology of yester years, what is available today borrows heavily from past technology. Beyond doubt, previous technologies offered a very strong foundation for the technology of today (Khosrowpour 13). Apparently most of these technologies had their beginnings in the United States supported by the Department of Defense. In the present world, one can not fail to notice the contribution of technology to the state of security throughout the world. There are many benefits that have so far been realized through the use of technology as far as managing security is concerned. As we move into the future, technology will continue to take a central position in the management of national and international security.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology and Intelligence Led by the United States, many nations have now recognized the importance of integrating technology in intelligence operations. As the United States continues to allocate more resources for enhancing its national security, other countries are also following suit but a slower pace. For the United States, investment insecurity is driven by the desire to protect its citizens and to become a model for other nations to emulate. Due to its increased spending on security, the United States is now able to take pride in its improved level of security. Unlike in the past, intelligence agencies are forced to utilize technology to undertake numerous activities geared towards strengthening the country’s security. Despite being very sensitive area, technological advances regarding matters of security are often discussed openly. These include developments in cryptology as well as computer security that are very critical to the subject of security. Secure Hash Alg orithm (SHA) is major security technology that has been used quite extensively over the years. Though considered very secure, the standard is slowly being replaced by other modern technologies with improved features. On the other hand, however, it is almost impossible to understand how strong the government’s intention to use these technologies is since this information is never made available to the general public. Considering the emerging trend of threats, it is important to think about the software being used, the type of hardware, and to incorporate other technologies such as supercomputing, and use of communications systems. These are explained as follows. Software In any system today, software plays a major role. To achieve the best results, software designers must ensure that the software is developed in a way that can easily integrate with the desired security systems. Those who are more adept at designing, implementing, and operating large complex, software based sys tems will be at a distinct advantage twenty first century operations that are increasingly dependent on information superiority (Duyan 30). Poor software slows down the impressive gains made to date in computer hardware. As part of their duties, intelligence agencies should monitor the development of software to ensure that designs meet the required standards. This is exercise is especially important considering that many countries today are in the business of software development and they may be using different standards. Close monitoring is, therefore, necessary to guarantee quality. Without close supervision, designers can easily get a way with poor quality products that do not meet the set standards. The use of modern programming languages and techniques should be encouraged in order to factor in vital features that are required to produce reliable and extremely secure software. As new technologies continue to emerge, it is important to check that the design of software is able to offer support for thee technologies. It would certainly be wrong for a software developer to come up with any product that fails to accommodate existing technologies. The existence of wireless technologies and the coming of cloud computing and any other newer technologies must be thought about during the design process. Hardware Similar to software, it is important to think about the quality of hardware to be used to support the different security services that must be offered. To a large extent, the nature of technology to be used by the intelligence agencies must meet the required standard. The use of less superior hardware platforms will greatly compromise the performance of the security systems and create serious problems for the intelligence teams. A good practice is to liaise with the design team to ensure that the hardware acquired will yield the expected results. Generally, the advice received from the software developers is critical to ensuring that whatever is provided will perform as expected. In cases where the client has gone ahead to procure hardware without receiving professional advice from developers, the outcome has been quite disastrous and huge sums of money have been lost in the process. It is, therefore, prudent to take all the necessary precautions in order to avert disappointments later. Supercomputing In the recent past, a lot of interest has been generated about super computers. These computers have become the vocabulary of all educated persons throughout the world. Generally, supercomputers are the fastest and most expensive computers available at any given time. Although the cost of computers has been going down over the years, the cost of supercomputers has remained fairly steady. Given the requirements for security, intelligence agencies must never compromise on the quality of computer to be used. With its high speed of execution and power a super computer offers the best environment for managing security threats. Supercomputin g should therefore be encouraged in order to protect a nation and its citizens. Despite the fact that it is a very expensive computer to acquire, its services are equally admirable. Communications Systems and Related Technologies Although the Internet presents us with great opportunities for communication, it also comes along with serious challenges that must be handled effectively. One of the greatest challenges of using the Internet is the danger of ones communication being tapped into (Duyan 35). Despite the fact that various technologies have been developed to address the problem of Internet security, attackers are still able to go round the system and do as they please. This includes planning of terror attacks. Conclusion The ability to use technology to address challenges posed by emerging security threats globally is critical for intelligence agencies. Since offenders are often looking for new and more complex ways to launch attacks, intelligence agencies must work extra hard to come up with mechanisms of ensuring that criminals do not outsmart them. It is imperative for governments to equip intelligence agencies with the necessary tools to support their research activities and to build more secure systems that can not be easily be compromised. Duyan, Adil. Defense against Terrorism: Different Dimensions and Trends of an Emerging Threat, Kabul, Afghanistan: IOS Press, 2012. Print. Graham, Joseph. What the U. S. Military Can Do to Defeat Terrorism, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2002. Print. Jackson, Brian, and David Frelinger. Emerging Threats and Security Planning: How Should We Decide What Hypothetical Threats to Worry About, Arlington, VA: Rand Corporation, 2009. Print. Khosrowpour, Mehdi. Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management, Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc, 2006. Print. National Research Council (NRC). Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005. Print.

Expanding Protection of the Great Bear

Expanding Protection of the Great Bear The Great Bear rainforest falls under the forest classification of coastal temperate rain forests, which is one type of the most endangered types of forests across the globe; before the threat of logging and other human activities threatening their existence, they covered 1/5 of 1% of the earth’s land surface.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Expanding Protection of the Great Bear specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Approximately, 60% of the original coverage of these forests, have been destroyed through development and logging among other human activities. The Great Bear rainforest is one ecological center, which provides an unforgettable adventure site, where there are mountains, waterfalls, coastal and water slide scenery. This paper is a discussion of the recent proposals to expand the protection of the forest and its scenery, which may not be witnessed anywhere else in the world (Raincoast Conservation S ociety). Following the threat of the Great Bear forest, which is one of the few remaining but threatened forest type, scientists around the world have raised concerns over the delays facing the implementation of protection agreements, which are supposed to increase the protection of the threatened forest area. Further, scientists have been in the fore front, insisting that the BC should fasten the protection processes for the forest. An example of this was the request sent by global rainforest scientists attending the Earth Summit at Rio, pushing for a faster process to implement the protection of the forest (Gracey 1; Reichel 1). The stakeholders to be affected by the proposed expansion of the protected area of the forest, include the loggers, who earn their income from the logging activities at the forest.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The B.C government is another stakeholder, as its leadership to guide the players to take place in the protection and the making of the agreement, rely on its directing. The players under the B.C government stakeholders group, include the employees at the ministry of forests, land and natural resources, central and local authorities, for example, the provincial authorities who are greatly involved in the proposal. There are the forest and research scientists group from different nations, who are pushing the completion of the protection agreement and process, as they are interested in fighting for increased protection of the threatened classification of forests. Oil companies like the Northern Gateway pipeline company is also interested in the progress of the protection, as its enacting will affect its oil drilling and transportation operations. Other stakeholders include tourists, who will benefit from viewing the threatened scenery after protection (Raincoast Conservation Society; Reichel 1; Gracey 1). The benefits from the protection of the forest will include the protection of the wildlife and marine species that live at the temperate rain forest surroundings, which may not be found at other places, except at the few threatened areas. From the protection of the forest, the authorities will realize the protection of the biodiversity at the area, including the rainforest forest plants, the marine and the land species residing at the region, including bears and the threatened vegetation and rare scenery.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Expanding Protection of the Great Bear specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the implementation, the process will enable the first nation people living at the region, to improve the wellbeing of the community economically, environmentally, and for the general welfare of the people. Another benefit is the creation of more tourist income avenues, from which the local people an d the government can utilize for long-term growth. The costs to be borne from implementing the protection of the forest include the cost of implementing the agreements and setting up the protection plan for the forest, and the income of the loggers, hunters and other people relying on the resources at the forest; these groups will lose their source of income and employment. Another cost to be borne from the implementation is the economic potential of the players within the oil industry, as they will not be able to access the oil reserves at the area, which can form a great source of income and employment locally and nationally (Raincoast Conservation Society; Reichel 1; Gracey 1). Gracey, Kyle. â€Å"Scientists around the world concerned over lengthy delays to fully implement the protection agreements in the Great Bear Rainforest.† Canada Newswire, 14 June 2012. Web. Raincoast Conservation Society. Great Bear Rainforest. British Columbia, 17 July 2012. Web. Reichel, Justina. â€Å"Scientists Urge BC to Speed up Protection of Iconic Rainforest: Half of Great Bear Rainforest remains open to logging.† The Epoch Times, 21 June 2012. Web.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

10 Things You Should Know About Gender in Spanish

10 Things You Should Know About Gender in Spanish Here are 10 facts about Spanish gender that will be useful as you learn the language: 1. Gender is a way of classifying nouns into two categories. Spanish nouns are masculine or feminine, although there are a few that are ambiguous, meaning that Spanish speakers are inconsistent in which gender is applied to them. Also, some nouns, particularly those that refer to people, can be masculine or feminine depending on whether they refer to a male or female, respectively. The grammatical significance of gender is that adjectives  and articles referring to nouns must be of the same gender as the nouns they refer to. 2. Spanish also has a neuter gender that applies to one definite article and a few pronouns. By using the definite article lo, it is possible to make an adjective function as if it were a neuter noun. The neuter pronouns generally are used to refer to ideas or concepts rather than to things or people. They can also be used to things whose identities arent known, as in  ¿Quà © es eso? for What is that? 3. Except when referring to people and some animals, the gender of a noun is arbitrary. Thus, things associated with females can be masculine (for example, un vestido, a dress). And things associated with males (for example, virilidad, masculinity) can be feminine. In other words, there is no way to predict a nouns gender from its meaning. For example, silla and mesa (chair and table, respectively) are feminine, but taburete and sof (stool and couch) are masculine. 4. Although feminine words as a general rule refer to females, and masculine words to females, it is possible to do the opposite. The words for man and woman, hombre and mujer, respectively, are the gender youd expect, as are words for girl and boy, chica and chico. But it is important to remember that the gender of a noun attaches to the word itself rather than to what it refers. So persona, the word for person, is feminine regardless of who it refers to, and the word for baby, bebà ©, is masculine. 5. Spanish grammar has a preference for the masculine gender. The masculine might be considered the default gender. Where masculine and feminine forms of a word exist, it is the masculine that is listed in dictionaries. Also, new words that enter the language are typically masculine unless theres a reason to treat the word otherwise. For example, the imported English words marketing, suà ©ter (sweater), and sndwich are all masculine. Web, referring to a computer network, is feminine, probably because it as a shortened form of pgina web (web page), and pgina is feminine. 6. Many words have separate masculine and feminine forms. Most if not all of these are used for referring to people or animals. In most cases for singular nouns and adjectives, the feminine form is made by adding an a to the masculine form or changing an ending e or o to a. A few examples: amigo (male friend), amiga (female friend)profesor (male teacher), profesora (female teacher)sirviente (male servant), sirvienta (female servant) A few words have irregular differences: tigre (male tiger), tigresa (female tiger)rey (king), reina (queen)actor (actor), actriz (actress)toro (bull), vaca (cow) 7. There are a few exceptions to the rule that words ending in o are masculine and many exceptions to the rule that words ending in a are feminine. Among the feminine o words are mano (hand), foto (photo), and disco (disco). Among the masculine a words are numerous words of Greek origin such as dilema (dilemma), drama, tema (subject), and holograma (hologram). Also, many a words that refer to occupations or types of people - among them atleta (athlete), hipà ³crita (hypocrite), and dentista (dentist) - can be either masculine or feminine. 8. As the culture in which Spanish is spoken changes, so is the way the language treats gender as it applies to people. For example, at one time la doctora almost always referred to a doctors wife, and la jueza referred to the wife of the judge. But these days, those same terms usually mean a female doctor and judge, respectively. Also, it is becoming more common to use terms such as la doctor (rather than la doctora) and la juez (rather than la jueza) when referring to female professionals. 9. The masculine form is used to refer to mixed groups of males and females. Thus, depending on the context, los muchachos can mean either the children or the boys. Las muchachas can refer only to the girls. Even padres (padre is the word for father) can refer to parents, not just fathers. However, the use of both masculine and feminine forms - such as muchachos y muchachas for boys and girls rather than just muchachos - is growing more common. 10. In colloquial written Spanish, it is becoming more common to use as a way of indicating that a word can refer to either males of females. In traditional Spanish, if you were writing a letter to a group of friends, you might open with the masculine form, Queridos amigos, for Dear friends even if your friends are of both sexes. Some writers these days would use Querids amigs instead. Note that the at symbol, known as the arroba in Spanish, looks something like a combination of an a and an o.

Concordadane with Medication in Type 2 Diabetes Essay

Concordadane with Medication in Type 2 Diabetes - Essay Example Various techniques exist for presenting the information. Some of the methods include giving a presentation, printing a pamphlet and then distributing it among the people, giving a speech, personally conveying the message individually to each person, forming a team and then conveying the message in groups, using a website or even writing a report and then distributing the consolidated report among the people (Rota, Quadri, Fanti, Poglio, Paolasso, Ciaramitaro, Cossa, & Cocito, 2007).The method that is chosen must be according to the information that is to be delivered. The educational tool that I have used is a mug on which will be printed slogans regarding the adherence of medication regimen. A mug is a most commonly used utensil in our daily lives; we use it for different purposes and is always in our sight. The ease that is obtained while using a mug as a tool is that it is used by every person, whether the person is a male or a female or an elderly person or a child. It can be eas ily incorporated in our daily lives. The slogan can be printed in various languages and can also contain a small picture or image reminding of the benefits of adhering to the medication regimen and the harms that can possibly occur if the medication regimen is not followed properly (Relimpio F, Martinez-Brocca MA, Leal-Cerro A, Losada F, Mangas MA, Pumara A, & Astorga R, 2004). Besides other reasons a mug is an easily available utility and can be used by anyone; the greatest advantage of using a mug is the ease of accessibility. Using a mug to deliver and convey the message of remaining concordant to the medication routine is a very effective method because the most common utility that is used by any person is a mug; it is accessible to everyone. That is why using a mug to deliver the message is the most cost effective and efficient method (Hulka, Cassel, Kupper, & Burdette, n.d.). Diabetes type 2 is a disease in which it becomes very difficult for the patient to adhere to the stric t diet routine and take all the medicines on time. The patient has to undergo a very strict diet because a slight variation in the diet can lead to an increase level of sugar in the patient, therefore a strict diet must be followed (Moussavi, Renier, Roussin, Mamputu, Buithieu & Serri, 2004). The patients usually get tired of the limited food varieties available to them and get bored of the numerous medicines they are bound to take and so they are always in search of an escape from this strict routine. It is of immense importance that the patients are somehow informed about the adverse effects that they would have to face if they not comply with the medication regimen given to them and this can be beautifully and completely achiebed by printing different slogans on the mug and distributing them among the patients. The slogans would be a constant reminder for them to adhere to medications (Schillinger, Wang, Rodriguez, Bindman & Machtinger, 2006). It is of utmost importance that the patient strictly adheres to the given medication in order to ensure good and effective health care. Through research it has been observed and found out that a very small group of people exist who properly follow the prescribed medications and majority of the people are those who do not strictly follow the pres

Finale Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Finale Paper - Assignment Example Among these three ethical theories, deontology provides the best response because it treats patients as autonomous ends who have the right to make end-of-life decisions, but it avoids the slippery slope of justifying suicide and considers rules that should guide moral end-of-life decisions. Rule utilitarianism argues that people have a right to end-of-life decisions if it offers the greatest net good for the majority. Rule utilitarianism evaluates end-of-life decisions through assessing the kinds of acts involved and the emphasis on the act that results to the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Mosser, 2013, p. 6.1). First, it considers that being able to decide one’s death is good if it saves resources because the health care system is already burdened with high costs due to limited medical and human resources (ForaTv, 2010). Second, rule utilitarianism adds the happiness of the patient to the total net good of the majority if he/she volunteers to end his/her life with respect to insufficient health care resources for the public. His/her happiness becomes part of the total happiness of more people. Rule utilitarianism values the net good and happiness that end-of-life decisions can provide to society. The strengths of rule utilitarianism in answering the question are that it considers the effect of end-of-life options to the good of the majority, which is essential in a society with limited and expensive health care resources, and that it does not treat these options as taboo because they can also contribute to net good and happiness. First, rule utilitarianism gives importance to the reality of limited and costly health care resources. It allows stakeholders to find public benefits in sacrificing human life. Second, it removes negative conceptions that see euthanasia as immoral because, if it can produce