Litrature Review. Ii. The Social Servicescape (The Social

LITRATURE REVIEW II. The Social servicescape (The Social environment) According to Baker et al., (1994), social servicescape is related to people who share a specific service environment. Bitner, et al (1990) defined social servicescape as â€Å"The service encounter that often occurs in the presence of multiple customers who share a common servicescape†. While Tombs and Kennedy (2002) defined it as â€Å"a service setting where the human aspects of the environment impact on the behavior of customers as a result of direct and indirect interactions with other persons present†. Rosenbaum Montoya (2007), described social servicescape as customers and employees who are found in a service setting. While Edvardsson et al. (2010) defined servicescape’s†¦show more content†¦Sometimes the reasons that get customers attracted to a place extend past the physical attributes of the place, the kinds of merchandise it provides or the level of service it offers (Low Altman, 1992). Tombs and McColl-Kennedy (2003) suggested, that the service experience consists of not only external or physical factors, for instance the atmospherics, but also the social aspects, where the social factors of service environment may favor or inhibit customer’s entertainment of the service environment. In addition, the same authors proposed in their conceptual model that customers have significant role in impacting service experiences, which will impact patronage intentions within a service setting. Moreover, the results of a study that was carried out by McGrath and Otnes’ (1995), to some extent also support the previous researchers’ findings. As McGrath and Otnes’ study recognized, social interaction took place not only between shoppers and sales people but also between shoppers. which they defined as â€Å"strange interaction†. Urban sociologist Oldenburg (1999) named specific types of servicescape settings, for instance, coffee shops, pubs and restaurants as third places or â€Å"great good places†. These places are informal public places that gather people away from home and work. Moreover, Rosenbaum (2006)

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1112 Words

F. Scott Fitzgerald seems to have made a large impact in the literature world with his story of Great Gatsby. The story of the Great Gatsby may seem to be an easy read with little meaning to the characters as well as the plot. However after scouring through Fitzgerald’s autobiography it comes clear that the character of Daisy Buchanan was solely inspired by the author’s wife. Fitzgerald even took phrases out of real life conversations him and his wife had and incorporated it in the book. This helps bring a deeper meaning to Daisy’s character for the reader as well as a true understanding for the book and its inspirations. It comes clear that much of the book is solely based off of events occurring during this time period, or real life characters living during this time period. The most obvious examples are the Jazz age, The Lost Generation, and the American Dream; three topics which Gatsby’s lifestyle seems to be revolved around. At one of the final points in The Great Gatsby when Tom and Daisy retreat back to their careless lives leaving Gatsby dead and Nick to clean up the mess, the reader’s view on Daisy takes a downhill spin. The previous understanding that Daisy was the poster child in an era of ever-changing lifestyle and surging economic growth, From the reader’s first meeting with Daisy up until her escape with Tom, she seems more in love with money, ease, and a luxurious lifestyle than Gatsby himself. Gatsby’s lifestyle lures Daisy in rather than Gatsby’s charmShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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Accounting Theory and Issues and Manufactures

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Issues and Manufactures. Answer: Introduction: Nestle is one of the biggest wellness, health and nutrition company. Their primary mission is Good Food, Good Life and to offer the most nutritious, best tasting choices to the customers with a broad range of eating occasions, beverages and foods from morning to night. For the last few decades their promises to manufacture foods to fulfil the unique requirements of people is the secret behind the success they achieved. Nestle Australia is the subsidiary of Nestle SA. There are more than 5000 employees in nestle Oceania that operates 20 offices, 5 distribution centres and 12 operates all around the Oceania region that includes Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Australia. Although, nestle is famous for their confectionary products, that is just a small part of their dealings. They have some products, which are best loved in Australia, for example, Milo, uncle Tobys, Maggi, Nescafe and Purina (Rosendal et al., 2015, pp. 112-125). Building value for share is a crucial part of carrying out their business. They strongly believe that to protect and enlarge their business they must think beyond sustainability and compliance and must generate greater value for the shareholders, society and customers as a whole. They use four simple words to explain their business. Those words are: Good Food, Good Life. They believe that to be enable to enjoy life people must have a balanced approach about the things they drink and eat. Safety, reliable level of quality and great tastes, convenience and value for money strategies also improves the enjoyment of life and food (Mialon et al., 2016, p.283). Accounting issues: The accounting procedure of nestle accounts for the offices as well as the factories. The balance sheet and their implementation with the financial reports of the company are combined together. The objectives of doing this are the implementation of the financial statements reveal the status of the company. It is very crucial with regard to the audit and needs a strong control for maintain the financial records for 50 years. This procedure serves better corporate governance and confidence for the company as a whole (Celik et al., 2016). Traditionally, nestle had allowed every local organization to carry on their business with consideration to the business culture and local conditions. To assist in this decentralized approach, they had 80 units for information technology that operated on 15 mainframes, 900 IBM AS/400 midrange computers and 200 UNIX systems that enabled the users to explain their infrastructure as genuine. Surprisingly, despite of its big, they did not have any corporate centre for their computer. Thus, the management of nestle found that allowing the local differences led to extra cost and inefficiencies that refrained the company in competing effectively in the e-commerce world. To coordinate and standardize their information into the business processes they installed a program called SAP R/3 ERP (enterprise resource planning) to incorporate the accounting applications, distribution and material (Yu et al., 2016, p.189). Conceptual framework: The primary objective of conceptual framework is to provide the information related to the reporting company, which is required by the investors, stakeholders, creditors and potential investors. The consolidated financial statement complies with the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) released by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Their accounts are prepared on the accrual basis and under the method of historical cost, unless otherwise stated. Accounting policies are added in the relevant notes to the financial statement (Li, Woo Selomulya, 2016, pp.196-204). The assumptions and estimates are evaluated on ongoing basis. Revisions for accounting estimations are made during the period in which period the transactions have impact. In individual companies, foreign currency transactions are transacted based on the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date. Monetary liabilities and assets are translated based on the year-end rates. Any differences arising due to the exchange rate are adjusted against the income statement. Sales explain the receivable and received amount from the third parties for the supply of goods and services. Sales are recorded only after the awards and risks related to the particular transaction are transferred to the purchaser. COGS is calculated based on the cost of purchase or production and adjusted for the difference in inventories. All other expenses related to the operation, such as, promotions and advertising are transacted when the group accepts all the rewards and risk related to the expenses. Assets that are held for disposal and sale are shown separately in the current segment of balance sheet when the following objectives are fulfilled: The company is committed to dispose or sale the assets An active plan for sale has been started Sale is anticipated to be completed within the period of 12 months. Cash inflow for the disposals of business mainly related to several disposals of significant and non-significant items. The consolidated financial report involves the transactions of Nestle SA and other companies under the group. Companies under the group are consolidated fully from the date of their acquisition. The group gain the control over a company when they can control the return of that company and has the ability to influence the return from their involvement. Business combination is accounted for utilising the method of acquisition. Where not all the equity of the subsidiaries are acquired through non-controlling interest are identified as the non-controlling share of interest for the total identifiable asset. After obtaining the control of the business, the group revaluate the equity interest which were held previously and identified as the loss or gain in the revenue statement. Changes in the IFRS after 31 December that could affect the group are as follows: IFRS 9-Financial instrument: This standard states the financial reporting for the financial liabilities and financial assets involving the measurement, classification, impairment, hedge accounting and de-recognition. IFRS 15 Revenue from the agreements with customers: This standard combines, replaces and enhances guidance for identifying the revenue with single standard. IFRS 16 Leases: This standard will alter IAS 17 and prepare the objectives for measurement, presentation, recognition and disclosures of the leases. The crucial effect on the group is that this IFRS introduces a unique model for lessee accounting and needs a lessee to identify the liabilities and assets for all leases. Other amendments and improvements related to IFRS/IAS: Various standards have been altered on diverse points. None of these alterations are probable to have a significant effect on the financial statement of the group. Challenges and sustainability: Nestle defines the term sustainable development as the process of maximising the global access towards higher quality of food. At the same time they assures contributing towards long-term economic and social development and safeguard the environment for the future generations. To continue their commitments towards social and environmental sustainability that are necessary for operating their factories and for the development and growth of the countries and communities in which they operate manage their function actively. They recognised that their position in the society calls for responsibilities as well as opportunities to carry on their business with compliance to the international standards, national laws and business values. They believe that the business, which is based on the high quality beverage products and food can sustain for long-term development. The primary objective for locating the prospect of production in developing world is more important than sourcing the raw material. Even though it consists only one third of their profit, they have 48% of their employees and 45% of their factories are in developing countries. They have publicly declared that the fundamental principle for their economic investment is that they must be good for the company as well as the country. Through these objectives, nestle seeks to be the true associate for sustainable development. Their primary objective is to attain the requirements of their consumers and customers for the quality food items that are value for money. By implementing this successfully, they are able to create long-term development, sustainable results for economics for all the stakeholders. With their factories in more than 80 countries all over the world, developments of their business can be felt by the economies all over the world. These take place in various ways. For instance, through the transfer of technology, through the programmes of apprentice, training for the employees to comply with the international standards, and paying the taxes that will assist in construction of local infrastructure. Nestle is contributing to the sustainable development of economies all over the world and improving the quality of the locally available foods at the same time. Financial performance and graphs for different years: Particulars (Amount in Million CHF) 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sales 89,721 92,158 91,612 88,785 Operating profit 13,464 14,047 10,905 12,408 Net profit 10,677 10,445 14,904 9,467 Earnings per share 3.21 3.14 4.54 2.90 Current assets 30,066 34,020 33,961 29,434 Non-current assets 91,857 90,376 99,489 94,558 Total Assets 125,877 120,442 133,450 123,992 Current liabilities 38,597 32,917 32,895 33,321 Non-current liabilities 24,616 23,386 28,671 26,685 Total liabilities 63,213 56,303 66,566 60,006 Total equity 62,664 64,139 71,884 63,986 Table 1: Financial performance (Source: nestle.com, 2017) Calculation of ratios: Ratio Formula 2012 2013 2014 2015 Current ratio Current assets/ current liabilities 0.78 1.03 1.03 0.88 Debt asset ratio Total debt / total assets 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.17 operating margin ratio operating profit/ sales 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.14 Return on asset ratio Net profit/ Total assets 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.08 Inventory turnover ratio Sales/ Inventory 10.04 10.99 9.99 10.89 Table 1: Financial performance (Source: Created by author) Four basic ratios that are calculated to evaluate the performance of a company are: Liquidity ratio: It includes current ratio of a company and measures the liquidity position of a company. This ratio states the company is able to pay- off their short-term obligations. A ratio of more than one is generally considered good. From the above table, it can be seen that the current ratio of the company for the year 2013 and 2014 is above the average. However, the ratio for 2012 and again for the year 2015 is below than the average requirement. They can improve the ratio through paying the debt or converting the short-term debt into long-term (Van Den End Kruidhof, 2013, pp. 91-106). Solvency ratio: It indicates the financial stability of a company and includes the debt asset ratio. A company with more debt will not be able to manage their cash flows efficiently. From the above table, it can be seen that the total debt of the company with consideration to its total asset is in a better position, which indicates that the company is financially viable (Xia, Fei Liu, 2015, pp. 317-324). Profitability ratio: It states the ability of management to convert their sale revenue into cash flow and profits. It is measured based on the operating profit to sales ratio, return on asset ratio (Lartey, Antwi and Boadi, 2013). A higher ratio indicates that the company is able to create return for their shareholders. From the above table, it can be seen that the profitability ratio of the company, that is, operating margin ratio as well as the return on asset ratio are very low. It indicates the company is not able to convert their revenue from sales into profits (Ehrhardt Brigham, 2016). Efficiency ratio: Common efficiency ratios are inventory turnover ratio and receivable turnover ratio (Park et al., 2014, 361-368). High inventory ratio indicates that the company is able to convert their inventory into sales successfully (Eng, 2013, pp. 153-167). From the above table, it is seen that the inventory turnover ratio of the company over the past years are stable. Social and economic responsibility: They understand their responsibilities in sourcing the raw materials through the ethical manner and at the same time, they are well aware about the probable impact on communities as well as on environment. They also understand the shareholders and consumers always look for the information related to the origination and production of the ingredients. This also assists in creating transparency and traceability in the supply chain. In the year 2013, they invested greater than $03.8 million in maintaining and upgrading their production sites in Oceania. They are committed to enlarge their business through investing in their factories, brands and customers. Their main objective is to be active in the society in which they carry on their business through focussing their hard work in those segments where they can add maximum value, such as, nutrition, health, environmental sustainability and encouraging active lifestyle (Day, 2014). Their good life programmes starts with a wide range of spo nsor activities, specific programs and partnership. In the year 2013, they build development program for aboriginal youth to provide support to the people who contributed in creating difference in the lives of the aboriginal women all around Australia. In the year 2013, they worked with more than 1000 girls from secondary school (Caplan et al., 2016, pp. 57-66). Approximately 200 girls and their mothers participated in the Mother Daughter Program, which was commenced in 50% of all RMLA academies. The Mother Daughter Program involved the launch of an aboriginal cookbook in 2013. They also trained 15 Aboriginal women to become Nutrition Champions and trained 12 Graduates, aged 45 Years in Communication (Phillips, 2014). In past few years their main targets in Oceania were: The program must be continued in all RMLA academics 400 women and girls must participate in the Nestl Mother Daughter Program 30 women from Indigenous community were trained as Nestl Nutrition Champions Nestl employees must volunteer a total of 4,500 hours They are committed to play an active part in minimising the emissions of greenhouse gas through improving the efficiency of resources, investing more for renewable energy and switching to cleaner fuels. Greater than 91% among usage of all energy in the year 2013 was used for producing the products, whereas, 29% was sourced from renewable energy and their target for 2020 is 20%. Conclusion: From the above discussions, it can be concluded that the company is aware about their duties in sourcing the raw materials through the ethical manner and at the same time, they are well aware about the probable impact on communities as well as on environment. Their main objective is to operate their business actively in the society in which they operate their business through focussing their hard work in those segments where they can add maximum value, such as, nutrition, health, environmental sustainability and encouraging active lifestyle. Recommendation: From the financial performance table, it can be seen that the company is not able to convert their revenue from sales into profits and their operating margin ratio as well as the return on asset ratio are very low. The company should take necessary steps to minimise their operating expenses and maximise the usage of available resources. Moreover, to increase their liquidity position they should pay off their short-term borrowing immediately or if not possible, then should take measures to convert their short-term loan into ling term. Reference: Caplan, D., Dutta, S.K. and Lawson, R.A., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Across the Value Chain.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(4), pp.57-66. Celik, A., Dixon, J.B., Pouwels, S., Celik, B.O., Karaca, F.C., Gupta, A., Santoro, S. and Ugale, S., 2016. Effects of different metabolic states and surgical models on glucose metabolism and secretion of ileal L-cell peptides: protocol for a cross-sectional study.BMJ open,6(3), p.e010245. Day, C., 2014. The Rhetoric of Corporate Identity: Corporate Social Responsibility, Creating Shared Value, and Globalization. Ehrhardt, M.C. and Brigham, E.F., 2016.Corporate finance: A focused approach. Cengage learning. Eng, T.S., 2013. The Effect of NIM, Operational Efficiency Ratio (BOPO), LDR, NPL CAR Toward ROA of International And National Public Listed Banks For The Period of 2007-2011.Journal of Dinamic Management, pp.153-167. https://www.nestle.com/. (2017). Annual report, Nestle. [online] Available at: https://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/annual_reports/2013-annual-report-en.pdf [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017]. Lartey, V.C., Antwi, S. and Boadi, E.K., 2013. The relationship between liquidity and profitability of listed banks in Ghana.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(3). Li, K., Woo, M.W. and Selomulya, C., 2016. Effects of composition and relative humidity on the functional and storage properties of spray dried model milk emulsions.Journal of Food Engineering,169, pp.196-204. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender, S. and Sacks, G., 2016. Systematic examination of publicly-available information reveals the diverse and extensive corporate political activity of the food industry in Australia.BMC public health,16(1), p.283. Park, M.C., Peterson, A., Patton, J., McGarry, M.H., Park, C.J. and Lee, T.Q., 2014. Biomechanical effects of a 2 suture-pass medial inter-implant mattress on transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair and considerations for a technical efficiency ratio.Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery,23(3), pp.361-368. Phillips, N., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingNestl Company.City. Rosendal, S.P., Strobel, N.A., Osborne, M.A., Fassett, R.G. and Coombes, J.S., 2015. Hydration and endocrine responses to intravenous fluid and oral glycerol.Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports,25(S1), pp.112-125. Van Den End, J.W. and Kruidhof, M., 2013. Modelling the liquidity ratio as macroprudential instrument.Journal of Banking Regulation,14(2), pp.91-106. Xia, D.F., Fei, W.Y. and Liu, H.J., 2015. Estimating the shareholders terminal payoff based on insurers solvency ratio in mixed fractional Brownian market.Applied Mathematics-A Journal of Chinese Universities,30(3), pp.317-324. Yu, S.C., Powell, A., Khow, K.S. and Visvanathan, R., 2016. The performance of five bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations against dual x-ray absorptiometry in estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass in an adult Australian population.Nutrients,8(4), p.189.

Master Murabaha Financing Agreement free essay sample

Murabaha and disbursement of the new one. . Rebate on early payments * If the customer makes early payment and there is no commitment from the institution in respect of any discount in the price of Murabaha, than the institution as the sole discretion in allowing them the rebate. * It is not recommended to make it a practice and must be avoided in normal course of business. Such issue, if arises, should be brought in the knowledge of Shariah advisor 4. Penalty on late payments As soon as the Murabaha is executed, the Murabaha price becomes a receivable (Dayn) for the Bank. Hence, any amount charged over and above the dayn amount will be Riba. * However, it is permissible to have an undertaking from the customer to pay an amount of money or a percentage of the debt to be donated to charitable causes in the event of delay in payment/installments. . Subject matter of Murabaha * Goods must exists at the time of execution of Murabaha. We will write a custom essay sample on Master Murabaha Financing Agreement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Murabaha cannot be done in all commodities, e. g. such as currencies, gold, silver. * Murabaha cannot be used for paying utility bills, wages, overhead expenses, etc. * General rules of sale related to subject matter must be followed 6. Purchase Evidence * In order to ensure that the customer actually purchased the assets as claimed, the customer is required to submit asset purchase evidence along with Offer place after the agency agreement. * Asset purchase may be in the form of Invoices, elivery orders, truck receipts etc. * In some cases, however, it may be too burdensome for the client to submit all the invoices as the number of invoices may run into hundreds. * For example, cotton purchases are generally in small quantities from various sources and hence for each Sub-Murabaha there may be too many invoices to submit. It is suggested to furnish considerable sample of invoices along with summary of all purchases. 7. Direct Payment in Murabaha In many cases, the disbursement is made to the customer as an agent of the bank. * In order to ensure transparency of the Murabaha, it is preferable that isbursement / payment be made directly to the supplier. Profit Recognition in Generally in Murabaha transaction there are in two stages: * Investment Stage (Agency to Purchase) * Financing Stage (Declaration to payment) * The profit for the Murabaha transaction can be recognized after the goods are sold by the bank to the customer. Training of Customers Bank staff Proper training understanding of is very important for * Bank staff dealing with the Murabaha * Customers purchase officers accounts staff. Process of Murabaha differ from product to product 10. Application of Murabaha is not simple for all products * Its application differs from products to products like * shares * Leather * Cotton * Gas * petrol Sugar cane Therefore the RM/RO dealing with the customer needs to understand and define step wise process flow along with the credit approval for each new customer/ industry.